41.6% of the test subjects have been considered vitamin D deficient. In a study conducted by Forrest and Stuhldreher (2011), vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D concentrations ≤20 ng/mL. The obviously correlating vitamin D deficiency is linked to increasing the risk of many common and serious diseases ( Holick, 2004). (2020) who documented a significantly lower median D 3 value in patients with COVID-19 compared to control subjects. This assumption is supported by De Smet et al. Also, the mean D 3 serum levels do not necessarily apply to people who are especially vulnerable to that virus (e.g. An explanation for this could be that testing conditions differ in each European country, making it difficult to reach a conclusion in such a retrospective study. On the other hand, one retrospective cohort study that investigated the correlation between the mean D3 serum levels of different European countries and the COVID-19 mortality rate was not considered significant ( Ali, 2020). (2020) observed a significant reduction in oxygen support for older clients when providing them with a relatively low daily dose of 1000 IU D 3 OD, 150 mg magnesium OD, and 500 μg B12 OD upon admission. Similar observations have been made by Panagiotou et al. Russian hospitals observed that the likelihood to have severe COVID-19 increases by the factor of 5 if vitamin D is deficient ( Karonova et al., 2020).

A recent clinical study from Iran (n = 611) stated that there were no COVID-19 deaths in a hospital if serum 25(OH)D concentrations were higher than 41 ng/mL and patients were younger than 80 ( Maghbooli et al., 2020). (2020) have critically discussed the association of vitamin D with viral infections. In a recently published review article, Sharma et al. More and more voices are being raised supporting the supplementation of Vitamin D 3 to counter the pandemic outbreak with the correlated mortality rates as well as economic and social consequences ( Grant et al., 2020). Up to date, there is no treatment to decrease the virus-caused infection and mortality rates ( Cortegiani et al., 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic is a current pandemic of high international interest, caused by the coronavirus strain SARS‑CoV‑2.

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